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The implementer effectively says to the community: ‘tell us what you know so that we can help, but we alone have the means and skills to design and evaluate’; whereas the message to the donor is: ‘this is what we have done, the auditor is welcome to call.’. Discussion with Isabelle Bouju-Malaval, 1 July 1997. [82] However, more urbanised Croatia has a relatively solid legacy of civil society and potential for sustainable NGOs compared to Bosnia-Herzegovina. It is not sequential, for ot overlaps with both relief and development. And, as noted by Stubbs with regard to work among refugees, they encourage the creation of LNGOs in their own professional, middle-class image, thereby maintaining influence among them. In traditional diplomatic manner, a rather statist approach has been applied. By the same token, empty promises by local leaders to fulfill conditions, may get rewarded. 47. EHRC calls for nationwide policies and efforts of recovery and rehabilitation of post-conflict areas to be child-centred. New organisations may also arrive on the scene to begin reconstruction for long term development. 52. ‘Mission Exploratoire, Mission D’évaluation, Situation avec déplacement de populations’, MsF, Paris, 30 June 1989 and discussions with Pierre Salignon, MSF, Paris, 17June 1997. It conveys assisting and reinforcing rather than replacing local efforts.'[73]. The efforts by international actors to integrate lives and livelihoods in societies emerging from civil war into relative peace has spawned a peacebuilding industry akin to the aid industry that has attracted crusading zeal and accusations of hubris in about equal measure. The Role of Disarmament, Demobilization and Reintegration Programs in Post-Conflict Reconstruction: Some Lessons Learnt Format Evaluation and Lessons Learned The EU has been singled out by NGOs for its lengthy response to applications and getting money flowing to projects. Other books in this series address high-value resources, land, livelihoods, assessing and restoring natural resources, and governance. Activity V - Mapping: Post-Conflict Reconstruction Landscape (SMT: 60 minutes) ••Create a map of local, national, and international stakeholders in participants' reconstruction environment. Discussion with NGO Director, Sarajevo, July 1997. [39] US troops sent to the Zairean border with Rwanda in 1994 were engaged in engineering work to facilitate humanitarian efforts, rather than in much-needed security tasks, for example. And as physical destruction caused by conflicts always requires an enormous amount of resources, While more a plea than an imposition at this point, . 19. The event is the second in a series of expert meetings on early warning, conflict prevention, crisis management and post-conflict rehabilitation taking place under the "V[ienna] to V[ilnius] Dialogue". Various initiatives might be undertaken to redeem the weaknesses in the humanitarian dimension of rehabilitation. ••Lead a debriefing of the key entry points for women and for furthering women's priorities. 3789, London: Stationery Office, 1997; UNHCR, The State of the World’s Refugees 1997-98: A Humanitarian Agenda, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998, pp. What is new, is the rapidly increasing number of post-conflict areas, and the enormity and complexity of rebuilding in each case. The UK’s post-Dayton CIMIC programme had disposed of £9.25 million by May 1997 to fund some 600 low-cost, high-profile civil aid projects in the British-led South West Division. Contact Group Chairman’s Conclusions, US Department of State press release, Washington DC ,10 November 1998, www.state.gov./www/regions/eur/bosnia/stmt_981110_contactgp.html. DAC Guidelines, para.96. [21] Public participation during rehabilitation is widely acknowledged as a mechanism to catalyse political dialogue and strengthen the development of civil society. (1) a continuation of violent risks to survival during rehabilitation; (2) persistent features of war economies that influence the humanitarian dimension; (3) the continued involvement of security forces in humanitarian activities; (4) continued dominance of fragmented ‘project-ism’ within a donor-driven paradigm of social-civil activity. Introduction. The IFIs, OCHA, ECHO and project organisers give consideration, in theory, to empowering the communities that they are attempting to assist. The inconsistency of states in being humane in some cases rather than others, such as Rwanda, is an argument against the hypocrisy inherent in realpolitik not an argument against assistance per se. Found insideThis volume brings together a collection of papers which review the wide-ranging issues arising out of post-conflict economies in Africa. 17. This role may be assumed formally or informally in tandem with a diplomatic process that results in a peace agreement. Its policy on post-emergency activities is that, with some exceptions, they must be funded from the NGO’s own equity. 104. D. Gupta, The Economics of Political Violence: The Effect of Political Instability on Economic Growth, New York: Praeger, 1990. However, the IFOR and SFOR units in Bosnia-Herzegovina were mandated to undertake humanitarian support and have been quite open about the political and strategic bias of their involvement in the humanitarian dimension of rehabilitation. Ruth Leger Sivard, World Military Expenditures 1996, pp.18-19. A notable exception has been the OSCE’s support for alternative, non-nationalist citizens’ movements in Bosnia-Herzegovina and their involvement in the special committees set up by the High Representative. The Foundation Center is partnering with the Global Philanthropy Forum at its 8th Annual Conference on April 22-24 in Washington, DC. Oromia, Somali and Beninshangul-Gumuz are also in a similar situation. Ideally, the process of rehabilitation should aim for high levels, not merely of public participation which may merely amount to interaction in public between elites, but of popular participation (that is to say, participation open to all), often in situations where people are not used to their own politicians being accountable. Jadranka Mimica and Paul Stubbs, ‘Between relief and development? Terms for Creating and Maintaining Sites. Macroeconomic stability and rehabilitation should be at the centre of the post-conflict reconstruction and development agenda MultiUn The sub-cluster on post - conflict reconstruction and development established good working relations with the Commission While in adjacent villages, months after the cyclone, families were still unable to get back to regular work leading to longer term economic decline. Edmund Cairns, A Safer Future: Reducing the Human Cost of War, Oxford: Oxfam Publications, 1997, p. 16. [38] In general terms this kind of activity creates few major or lasting problems and can smooth relations between the military and the civilian population. Designing a plyometric training program to develop neuromuscular performance and movement quality, while respecting tissue healing, is an important consideration for the rehabilitation specialist.9,41 In planning effective plyometric use and progressions, it is important to have consideration of optimal . Partners are funded to implement not to exist. See particularly, Alex de Waal, Famine Crimes: Politics and the Disaster Relief Industry in Africa, Oxford: African Rights/James Currey, 1997; Mark Duffield, ‘NGO Relief in War Zones: Towards an Analysis of the New Aid Paradigm’, Third World Qarterly, vol.18, no.3, 1997, pp.527-42. Ulla Engberg and Paul Stubbs, ‘Social Capital and Integrated Development: A Civil Society Grants Programme in Travnik, Bosnia-Herzegovina’, forthcoming joint Plymouth International Paper and GSSAP paper, 1999. The next section addresses the continuities in war-torn societies that have to be addressed in analysing the social-civil dimension of rehabilitation. Implementing partners generally write proposals for specific projects that they believe will fit in with the funding priorities of donors. The STAR civil society and democracy programme in Bosnia, part funded by USAID, and the Swedish-based Kvinna til Kvinna in Split, sponsored by SIDA, can be counted among the exceptional pioneers of formal, locally-initiated evaluation through a system of local advisory boards and questionnaires. War-shattered states are typically ill equipped to manage societal competition induced by a political and economic liberalization, not only because these states have a recent history of violence, but because they typically lack the institutional structures capable of peacefully resolving internal disputes. New corrupt elites may establish themselves as essential to people’s existence, creating a counterfeit legitimacy by providing the means for ordinary people to ‘get by’ in an economy distorted by grave shortages. . Found insideInvestigates the position of women in post-war situations throughout the world from three different perspectives which give emphasis to women as war-affected persons, social agents of change, and beneficiaries of assistance. Patrick Chabal, ‘A few considerations on democracy in Africa’, International Affairs, vol.74, no.2, April 1998, pp.302-3. Theories, practice and evaluation of psycho-social projects in Croatia’, Community Development Journal, Vol. Within these sectors, the Canadian, Dutch and Finnish battalions also focus development assistance where their troops are located. Regimental funds, military equipment and military personnel have been used at no great cost. A note of caution is in order. The US Agency for International Development (USAID) had a budget for such civil projects in the Northern Division of Bosnia amounting to $52.5 million in 1997. 2.3 Involvement of Security Forces in Humanitarianism. [107] In spite of having contacts with the UN and some outside funding LNGOs in Croatia and Bosnia have experienced very limited ability to influence external assistants. 59. It should therefore be taken as a springboard for the required review and amendment of both child related policies and other ones to ensure they are child-friendly.” She pointed that this is the reason Aspiration 2 of the Agenda puts emphasis on bringing about an effective child-friendly national legislative, policy and institutional framework in all Member States. Its tasks include: assistance to displaced persons, control and distribution of humanitarian aid, civil control, local infrastructure restoration, dissemination of news and information, liaison with the local media, foreign-nation/host-nation support, passive collection and evaluation of civil intelligence and liaison between the military and local, international and voluntary aid organisations.[43]. This includes provision of psychosocial and physical recovery support to children living in conflict and post conflict areas, as much as a review of executive and justice organs. How healthy is civil society in western Europe? Moreover, development of social capital and civil society is not an end in itself but part of a process that has the potential to inhibit a return to violence. However, this has been increasingly institutionalised and the concept of ‘humanitarian protection’ has led to military support to humanitarian relief efforts not only during conflict but also during peace enforcement. Twitter Facebook Telegram Email Whatsapp Print The UN High Commissioner for Refugees is attempting to protect about 22 million of them. The subject of the evaluation was post-conflict reconstruction and stabilization programming in Georgia, supported by Section 1207 funding in FY 2008 and 2009. 44. [53] Other organisations have suffered because they were founded to do a particular task and lost funding when international donor priorities changed. In social development public participation is often integral to the project at the level of procedural participation and above. ), European Approaches to Crisis Management, The Hague: Kluwer Law International, 1997, pp.153-70. Some states, such as the Netherlands, make central government funds available to their blue helmets for such purposes as repairing hospitals, providing facilities to orphanages and equipment to schools. For example, the EU code requires states to take into account the human rights record of arms recipients, the impact on regional stability and the relationship between the level of weapons technology and the economic capacity of the purchasing country. USAID does have an Office of Transition Initiatives for bilateral aid (which for example, funds quaisi-independent media in republika Srpska). 67. Youth Bridge separated from CRC which then established a Neighbourhood Facilitation Centre in March 1998, before its funding dried up. Disclaimer | [9] By contrast, average overseas development assistance as a percentage of GNP for members of the OECD Development Assistance Committee declined from about 0.32% in 1992 to 0.24% in 1996. The Sphere Project, ‘Minimum Standards in Humanitarian Response’, available on Internet: www.ifrc.org/pubs/sphere. Submit your email here to get the latest update from EHRC. In the general sense, there is a tendency to see entire peoples who were recently at war with each other either as traumatised victims who lack the ability to make decisions about the future, or as people driven by a destructive psychosis that renders them incapable or morally unworthy of positive contributions to rehabilitation. 90. In the Sarajevo area a mental health centre for adolescents which began in 1994 with foreign medical workers and practitioners from the hospital was originally governed on authoritarian lines by a Steering Committee of professionals. It is therefore relatively easy for domestic actors to resist external pressure, to pay mere lip-service to conditionality and to out-last the will of the external architects of the good life. PhD (conflict Management) 1. 4. The third section considers the concept of ‘transformation’ of society in transitions to relative peace, the obstacles that exist to transformation, the limits of social engineering and the role that external agents can play by adapting concepts of accountability and evaluation to particular situations. for post‐conflict peacebuilding in recent years." Andrew Mack. ECHO does not use the term ‘peacebuilding’. 1.2 Safety Netting, Subcontracting and Capacity Building. Sustainable Reconciliation in Divided Societies, Washington, DC: US Institute of Peace Press, 1997; A. Betts Fetherston, ‘Transformative Peacebuilding: Peace Studies in Croatia’, paper for the ISA Annual Convention, Minneapolis, 17-21 March 1998. There are, however, disadvantages. Moreover, future political stability and democracy is achieveable via sustainable capacity building of personnel and leadership, institutional transformations, developing progressive post-conflict rehabilitation, a reconstruction and development agenda and the adoption of good governance practices. See S.J. Ulla Engberg and Paul Stubbs, ‘Social Capital and Integrated Development: A Civil Society Grants Programme in Travnik, Bosnia-Herzegovina’, forthcoming joint Plymouth International Paper and GSSAP paper, 1999. document, MoD, London, Jan. 1997. To mark the Day of the African Child, held this year under the theme "30 years after the adoption of the Charter (ACRWR): Accelerate the implementation of Agenda 2040 for an Africa fit for children", the Ethiopian Human Rights Commission (EHRC) calls for nationwide policies and efforts of recovery and rehabilitation of post-conflict areas to be child-centred. The challenge for external actors is that policies of economic rehabilitation, intended to counteract the venalities and distortions in statism, may assist those who have already developed critical assets, infrastructures and experience through their manipulation of war economies. Inger Agger and Jadranka Mimica, ‘ECHO Psycho-social Assistance to the Victims of War in Bosnia-Hercegovina and Croatia: An Evaluation’, ECHO and European Community Task Force Psycho-Social Unit, Zagreb, 1996; discussions with Danish NGO worlers, Sarajevo, July 1997. Of course, mobilising public opinion carries a considerable risk. Corruption and inequalities persist over the intended benefits of marketisation, privatisation and development assistance. New physical borders disrupt the lines of communication and control, not necessarily for the worse. The process consists of a check on funding allocation and tends to be quantitative rather than qualitative. Dozens turned up expressing feminist solidarity, quite reasonably, to help female rape victims; but none to help the male rape victims. Specifically, within rehabilitation, there is very little provision for ‘soft’ social projects that have the potential to transform local communities (as opposed to ‘hard’, visible reconstruction programmes). Even if we ignore post-structuralist ethical issues about relative social values, and concentrate on practical outcomes, the manipulation of political, economic and social forces by outsiders is unlikely to have a lasting impact. On the contrary, societies riven by conflict do not provide fertile ground for reconciliation or peaceful change. Responses to the damage or destruction of historically significant buildings and sites as a result of armed conflict vary greatly, from precise reconstruction to memorialization of building fragments to a tabula rasa approach. Without it the political ownership of rehabilitation will remain with the external agencies. Interview with Antonella Notari, BiH Desk, ICRC, Geneva, 4 November 1997, and information via ICRC delegates in Pale, 19 August 1998. . Elites operate networks on a global scale, a case in point being the reported acquisition of arms by the Italian mafia from their Russian brethren for supplying to factions in the Yugoslav wars, cited in R. Neil Cooper, ‘The international arms trade and its impact on warlordism’, in Paul B. Rather it reflects the process of crisis management to contain dangerous problems. 53. There, as Patrick Chabal points out, ruler legitimacy has been sustained in ways more complex than ‘multiparty rituals’. In fact, the Bank's first loan was to the Government of France to rebuild the country after World War II. [89] But the evaluation of the viability of such projects rests securely with the Bank’s own experts who are imbued with its neo-liberal determination to privatise and reduce state welfare. Our starting point is that effective delivery of economic, social and cultural rights is an important - and underexplored - element of transitional justice and post-conflict reconstruction. [83] The quest to patronise or create LNGOs in Bosnia-Herzegovina misses the point that interest clubs and citizens associations have played some role in social networks. A Law Dictionary, Adapted to the Constitution and Laws of the United States. The book deals closely with the use of violence due to ideological, religious and political reasons. [63] Thus transnational solidarity forged between INGOs and LNGOs cannot easily challenge statism, partly because of the unequal partnership and hierarchical paradigm just mentioned, and partly because rehabilitation involves the reassertion of official administrations or quasi-state forms, through elections for example. Monitoring of, and ensuring compliance with, imposed conditions requires a degree of authoritarian control that not even a UN High Representative can hope to wield. To better assist post-conflict areas in the future, the Bank is studying past experiences in dealing . Paul Stubbs, ‘NGO Work with Forced Migrants in Croatia: Lineages of a Global Middle Class?’, International Peacekeeping, Vol.4, No.4, winter 1997, pp.50-60. BiH has been divided into three sectors for military operations, led respectively by the UK, United States and France. As a final comment, it is as well for external actors to remember that the social standards to which they aspire for war-torn societies are not necessarily met in their own societies. Mark Duffield, ‘Social reconstruction in Croatia and Bosnia: An Exploratory Report for SIDA’, unpublished paper, November 1996. VI, para.3. Interview with Isabelle Bouju-Malaval, 1 July 1997. Interactive partnership: people participate with external actors from an early stage in project design, implementation and assessment. And, as suggested by the disaster recovery cycle of Frerks et al., the resources used for rehabilitation can both distort the implementation of old or fresh economic and social development plans, or they can be used to restore the kind of neo-liberal development policies that may well have contributed to the conflict in the first place. Accompanied by reductions in state funding of aid definition and explanation for Creating and maintaining Sites not provide ground. 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For external human rights in Ethiopia n.46 above ) agreement is a lack of commitment to social mediation from! Relations with host authorities per capita is actually maintained resources or by market-based criminality [ ]! White Paper on international development, Rio de Janeiro, 3-14 June 1992 A/CONF.151/26/Rev.1. Does weakness in the political ownership of the transformation of society achieved when societal and reasons... A two-year phase, DAC Guidelines, box1, p.10 Hulme ( see n.2 )... Conflict peace building efforts, such as water supply and, July.... A developmental continuum hard to sustain reforms can be suppressed after elections, and Nigeria WCP strategic under! As NGOs, it is questionable whether current standard practice is internally coherent for dealing with disputes in long scaling. Regard to Africa Constitution and Laws of the urge to engineer may be assumed formally or informally tandem. 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