Day: სექტემბერი 18, 2021

Frick did not have the political power to take on Göring by himself so he allied with Himmler. Still, at its largest in 1944, the Gestapo had only 31,000 agents to fulfill its grim brief across all of occupied Europe. The force was created by Hermann Göring in 1933 by combining the various security police agencies of Prussia into one organisation. It was viewed negatively by Hitler. [149], Between 14 November 1945 and 3 October 1946, the Allies established an International Military Tribunal (IMT) to try 22 major Nazi war criminals and six groups for crimes against peace, war crimes and crimes against humanity. The political police of Nazi Germany, known as the Gestapo, committed great atrocities during the 1930s and '40s. "[134] The involvement of ordinary Germans in denunciations also needs to be put into perspective so as not to exonerate the Gestapo. [123] The Gestapo always showed a special interest in denunciations concerning sexual matters, especially cases concerning Rassenschande with Jews or between Germans and foreigners, in particular Polish slave workers; the Gestapo applied even harsher methods to the foreign workers in the country, especially those from Poland,[124] Jews, Catholics and homosexuals. [148] Whereas in France, the number of members in the Carlingue (French Gestapo) who worked on behalf of the Nazis was upwards of 30,000 to 32,000; they conducted operations nearly indistinguishable from their German equivalents. A sobering number of these . 1. the secret state police in Nazi Germany; known for its terrorist methods Familiarity information: GESTAPO used as a noun is very rare. After Adolf Hitler became Chancellor of Germany, Hermann Göring—future commander of the Luftwaffe and the number two man in the Nazi Party—was named Interior Minister of Prussia. From 27 September 1939, it was administered by the Reich Security Main Office (RSHA). Delivered to your inbox! The Gestapo operated against Germans suspected of treason by using brutal interrogation and torture; they instilled widespread fear by their terrorist methods. Gestapo. The full name of the organization was Geheime Staatspolizei (meaning "Secret State Police" in German). Figuratively, any brutal secret police organization may be called a “gestapo.”. “Gestapo.” Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary, Merriam-Webster, https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/gestapo. [119][120] Work done by social historians such as Detlev Peukert, Robert Gellately, Reinhard Mann, Inge Marssolek, René Otto, Klaus-Michael Mallamann and Paul Gerhard, which by focusing on what the local offices were doing has shown the Gestapo's almost total dependence on denunciations from ordinary Germans, and very much discredited the older "Big Brother" picture with the Gestapo having its eyes and ears everywhere. Denunciation was the exception, not the rule, as far as the behaviour of the vast majority of Germans was concerned. What does hitler mean? Burian's group had also set up a secret courier service to Otto von Habsburg in Belgium. It was the secret state police that was taken under the control of Himmler and his SS empire (the so-called 'state within a state'). an elite military unit of the Nazi Party that served as Hitler's bodyguard and as a special police force.Abbr. adj. (2013). [64] According to Gestapo case files, the majority of those arrested for homosexuality were males between eighteen and twenty-five years of age. [157], The Gestapo was a secretive plainclothes agency and agents typically wore civilian suits. The local offices of the Gestapo, known as Gestapo Leitstellen and Stellen, answered to a local commander known as the Inspekteur der Sicherheitspolizei und des SD ("Inspector of the Security Police and Security Service") who, in turn, was under the dual command of Referat N of the Gestapo and also his local SS and Police Leader. Adolf Hitler designed the Nazi flag in 1920. [52] The extreme anti-Semitism and neo-Pagan heresies of the Nazis caused some Christians to outright resist,[53] and Pope Pius XI to issue the encyclical Mit Brennender Sorge denouncing Nazism and warning Catholics against joining or supporting the Party. [128], Normal methods of investigation included various forms of blackmail, threats and extortion to secure "confessions". [58], Violence and arrest was not confined to that of opposing political parties, membership in trade unions, or those with dissenting religious opinions, but also homosexuality. [60] From the Nazis rise to national power in 1933, the number of court verdicts against homosexuals steadily increased and only declined once the Second World War started. In an attempt to assassinate Hitler, Stauffenberg planted a bomb underneath a conference table inside the Wolf's Lair field headquarters. [81], Some Germans were convinced that it was their duty to apply all possible expedients to end the war as quickly as possible. Fear was the main goal of the Gestapo, with ordinary Germans believing that agents were active on every street-corner, in pubs, and in the . It has a unique toggle-lock action, which uses a jointed arm to lock the weapon, instead of the . Gestapo. On one hand, it was next to impossible for them to overthrow Hitler and the party; on the other, the Allied demand for an unconditional surrender meant no opportunity for a compromise peace, which left the military and conservative aristocrats who opposed the regime no option (in their eyes) other than continuing the military struggle. These example sentences are selected automatically from various online news sources to reflect current usage of the word 'gestapo.' [111] In Germany proper, many towns and cities had fewer than 50 official Gestapo personnel. [94][95], In total, there were some fifty-four regional Gestapo offices across the German federal states. In lieu of naming convention changes, the original construct of the SiPo, Gestapo, and Kripo cannot be fully comprehended as "discrete entities", since they ultimately formed "a conglomerate in which each was wedded to each other and the SS through its Security Service, the SD". Holocaust - A term used to describe the murder of 6 million Jewish people by the German Nazi Party. Both the Gestapo and Kripo became distinct departments within the RSHA. Kristallnacht, the night of November 9-10, 1938, when German Nazis attacked Jewish persons and property. Britannica.com: Encyclopedia article about gestapo. Published by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company. [47] On the following day, the newly formed Gestapo officers, who had been shadowing some 58 trade union leaders, arrested them wherever they could find them—many in their homes. On 20 April 1934, oversight of the Gestapo passed . The Gestapo used a lot of sick methods that you can imagine like physical torture, sleep deprivation, mental attacks. To maintain power for 40 years while their people starved and plotted to escape, the Communist Party had to get very good at controlling people and undermining anti-state activists. [154]These groups—the Nazi Party and government leadership, the German General staff and High Command (OKW); the Sturmabteilung (SA); the Schutzstaffel (SS), including the Sicherheitsdienst (SD); and the Gestapo—had an aggregate membership exceeding two million, making a large number of their members liable to trial when the organisations were convicted. As militant & heavily-armed as the wehrmacht. [156], After the war, U.S. Counterintelligence Corps employed the former Lyon Gestapo chief Klaus Barbie for his anti-communist efforts and also helped him escape to Bolivia. [46] As a preface to this action, Hitler decreed May 1 as National Labor Day to celebrate German workers, a move the trade union leaders welcomed. For the most part, members of the church did not offer political resistance but simply wanted to ensure that organizational doctrine remained intact. [22] The idea was to fully identify and integrate the party agency (SD) with the state agency (SiPo). This is the brutal expose of the rotten core of Nazi Germany. Here is revealed the true story of Hitler's terror police, the in-famous Gestapo-the madmen who headed it, the sadists who staffed it, the degenerate party that spawned it. [d], The German opposition was in an unenviable position by the late spring and early summer of 1943. [143], Throughout the Eastern territories, the Gestapo and other Nazi organisations co-opted the assistance of indigenous police units, nearly all of whom were uniformed and able to carry out drastic actions. [146], In places like Denmark, there were some 550 uniformed Danes in Copenhagen working with the Gestapo, patrolling and terrorising the local population at the behest of their German overseers, many of whom were arrested after the war. Other Dictionary Sources. Two of the most well-known groups in Nazi Germany are the Sturmabteilung (SA) and the Schutzstaffel (SS). Found inside'What do you mean by that?' 'People in my position,' said Porta with dignity, 'have dealings with both them at the top and them at the bottom. The German internal security police as organized under the Nazi regime, known for its terrorist methods directed against. They later became one of the . [144] Many of the auxiliary police personnel operating on behalf of German Order Police, the SD, and Gestapo were members of the Schutzmannschaft, which included staffing by Ukrainians, Belorussians, Russians, Estonians, Lithuanians, and Latvians. [4][5] He originally wanted to name it the Secret Police Office (Geheimes Polizeiamt), but the German initials, "GPA", were too similar to those of the Soviet State Political Directorate (Gosudarstvennoye Politicheskoye Upravlenie, or GPU). When Church leaders (clergy) voiced their misgiving about the euthanasia program and Nazi racial policies, Hitler intimated that he considered them "traitors to the people" and went so far as to call them "the destroyers of Germany". There were reports that Müller ended up in the foreign secret service at Washington D.C., some allege he was in Moscow working for the Soviets, still others claimed he escaped to South America—but none of the myths have ever been proven; all of which adds to the "mysterious power of the Gestapo". At that time, the Gestapo was condemned as a criminal organisation, along with the SS. On 20 April 1934, oversight of the Gestapo passed to the head of the SS, Heinrich Himmler, who was also appointed Chief of German Police by Hitler in 1936. © William Collins Sons & Co. Ltd. 1979, 1986 © HarperCollins Three—Walther Funk, Rudolf Hess, Erich Raeder—received life terms; and the remaining four—Karl Dönitz, Konstantin von Neurath, Albert Speer, and Baldur von Schirach—received shorter prison sentences. [84] A year after the organisation's inception, Göring wrote in a British publication about having created the organisation on his own initiative and how he was "chiefly responsible" for the elimination of the Marxist and Communist threat to Germany and Prussia. Nevertheless, in practice there was jurisdictional overlap and operational conflict between the SD and Gestapo. Nazi definition, a member of the National Socialist German Workers' Party, which controlled Germany from 1933 to 1945 under Adolf Hitler and advocated totalitarian government, territorial expansion, anti-Semitism, and Aryan supremacy, all these leading directly to World War II and the Holocaust. Of, relating to, or . [92], At the trial of any individual member of any group or organisation, the IMT was authorised to declare (in connection with any act of which the individual was convicted) that the group or organisation to which he belonged was a criminal organisation. Gestapo (gee stahp oh) the Geheime Staatspolizei, or secret state police, an arm of the Schutzstaffel, called the SS or Black Shirts, a hand-picked corps of 50,000 secret police who functioned as security officers and as Hitler's body guard. Found insideGestapo officers do not come to the Ghetto for no special reason. ... What is the meaning of the sudden visit of the Gestapo officers ... LinkedIn. (You can see how it got the modern sense. [18] Both the SD and Gestapo released information concerning an imminent putsch by the SA. In late 1933, the Reich Interior Minister Wilhelm Frick wanted to integrate all the police forces of the German states under his control. *A hack used to refer to a person (lotsa times a cop) who barges into your property for unofficial reasons and thus invades your privacy. Views expressed in the examples do not represent the opinion of Merriam-Webster or its editors. [24] Heinrich Müller was at that time the Gestapo operations chief. This is a read-along edition with audio synced to the text, performed by Geraldine McEwan. “Gestapo tactics” in general are intimidating official procedures. "This afternoon I saw new faces in the ghetto. Corrie asks God to forgive her for asking for human help instead of his. [122], An examination of 213 denunciations in Düsseldorf showed that 37% were motivated by personal conflicts, no motive could be established in 39%, and 24% were motivated by support for the Nazi regime. [77] Despite fear of the Gestapo after mass arrests and executions in the spring, the opposition still plotted and planned. They didn't care how. This prompted Winston Churchill to ban any further contact with the German opposition. Historian George C. Browder contends that there was a four-part process (authorisation, bolstering, routinisation, and dehumanisation) in effect which legitimised the psycho-social atmosphere conditioning members of the Gestapo to radicalised violence. A stylized bird with an open mouth, tweeting. [108] Browder also describes a sandwich effect, where from above; Gestapo agents were subjected to ideologically oriented racism and criminal biological theories; and from below, the Gestapo was transformed by SS personnel who did not have the proper police training, which showed in their propensity for unrestrained violence. It was the Nazi secret (political) police, which was looking for opponents to the regime . The force was created by Hermann Göring in 1933 by combining the various security police agencies of Prussia into one organisation. The name refers ironically to the litter of broken glass left in the streets after these pogroms. . [39], In Austria, there were groups still loyal to the Habsburgs, who unlike most across the greater German Reich, remained determined to resist the Nazis. The force was created by Hermann Göring in 1933 by combining the executive and the judicial branches into one power. Gustavo is a Spanish, Italian and Portuguese male given name. The French police supplied the trucks; the Gestapo, the men. The SS Bolts are a common white supremacist/neo-Nazi symbol derived from Schutzstaffel (SS) of Nazi Germany. Schutzstaffel definition: a paramilitary organization within the Nazi party that provided Hitler's bodyguard ,. [127] Most of the political investigations took place between 1933 and 1935 with the all-time high of 57 cases in 1935. Found insideInformation had reached us from occupied countries that the Gestapo and their ... That sounded very grand and theoretical so what did it really mean? The Gestapo's main purpose was to hunt out those considered a threat to Nazi Germany. Leading members of the most famous of these groups, the White Rose, were arrested by the police and turned over to the Gestapo. Jews were beaten, raped, arrested, and murdered. Found insideThe shocking account of how a unit of average middle-aged Germans became the cold-blooded murderers of tens of thousands of Jews. [121] For example, of the 84 cases in Würzburg of Rassenschande ("race defilement"—sexual relations with non-Aryans), 45 (54%) were started in response to denunciations by ordinary people, two (2%) by information provided by other branches of the government, 20 (24%) via information gained during interrogations of people relating to other matters, four (5%) from information from (Nazi) NSDAP organisations, two (2%) during "political evaluations" and 11 (13%) have no source listed while none were started by Gestapo's own "observations" of the people of Würzburg. He combined the swastika with the three colors of the German Imperial flag (red, black, and white). As a child, who saved Max from the Gestapo when they were removing Jews from the neighborhood? You see, we hope that you two will be able to draw the Gestapo away from Jones. [67] Efforts to resist the Nazi regime amounted to very little and had only minor chances of success, particularly since the broad percentage of the German people did not support such actions. [113] The District Office in Nuremberg, which had the responsibility for all of northern Bavaria, employed a total of 80–100 full-term informers between 1943 and 1945. Gellately argued that it was because of the widespread willingness of Germans to inform on each other to the Gestapo that Germany between 1933 and 1945 was a prime example of panopticism. Himmler was nominally subordinate to Frick as police chief, but as Reichsführer-SS, he answered only to Hitler. The power of the Gestapo included the use of what was called, Schutzhaft—"protective custody", a euphemism for the power to imprison people without judicial proceedings. 3. [107], Whether trained as police originally or not, Gestapo agents themselves were shaped by their socio-political environment. They were mean and very powerful in Germany during WWII. Meaning of GESTAPO. [88] Less than two weeks later in early May 1933, the Gestapo moved into their Berlin headquarters at Prinz-Albrecht-Straße 8. Learn more. [59] In 1934, a special Gestapo office was set up in Berlin to deal with homosexuality. Found insideThe Gestapo's response was brutal. Thousands were arrested and executed, and all dissent was crushed. The History of the Gestapo provides an authoritative overview of this sinister instrument of repression. The Gestapo was the official secret police of Nazi Germany.. Hermann Göring, the Minister-President of Prussia, formed the unit in 1933.Beginning on 20 April 1934, it was under the administration of SS national leader Heinrich Himmler, who in 1936 was appointed Chief of German Police (Chef der Deutschen Polizei) by Hitler.. How many fights did Max Vandenberg get in with his nemesis, Walter Kugler? [19] Once persuaded, Hitler acted by setting Himmler's SS into action, who then proceeded to murder over 100 of Hitler's identified antagonists. [152][f], Leaders, organisers, investigators and accomplices participating in the formulation or execution of a common plan or conspiracy to commit the crimes specified were declared responsible for all acts performed by any persons in execution of such plan. Burning of the Reichstag. After Kristallnacht, the Nazi regime made Jewish survival in Germany impossible. After the war in Europe ended, the Gestapo was declared a criminal organisation by the International Military Tribunal (IMT) at the Nuremberg trials. [29] Although the Sicherheitspolizei was officially disbanded, the term SiPo was figuratively used to describe any RSHA personnel throughout the remainder of the war. [83], In January 1933, Hermann Göring, Hitler's minister without portfolio, was appointed the head of the Prussian Police and began filling the political and intelligence units of the Prussian Secret Police with Nazi Party members. [127] The "other" category associated with non-conformity included everything from a man who drew a caricature of Hitler to a Catholic teacher suspected of being lukewarm about teaching National Socialism in his classroom. Found inside – Page iiMiscellaneous comments I did not try to “read” illegible sections, even if I felt ... I tried to limit use of the word “operation” to that meaning only. This represented a radical departure from German tradition, which held that law enforcement was (mostly) a Land (state) and local matter. [104] In Würzburg, which is one of the few places in Germany where most of the Gestapo records survived, every member of the Gestapo was a career policeman or had a police background. We did not - and I would like to say this here in the European Parliament - have to organise a witch-hunt or use Gestapo -style practices. [112] "V-men", as undercover Gestapo agents were known, were used to infiltrate Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD) and Communist opposition groups, but this was more the exception than the rule. Cited Source. Nearly all of them, including: the Römer Group, Robby Group, Solf Circle, Schwarze Reichswehr, the Party of the Radical Middle Class, Jungdeutscher Orden, Schwarze Front and Stahlhelm were either discovered or infiltrated by the Gestapo. Arrested by the Gestapo in 1943, he was sent to. [70], During May 1935, the Gestapo broke up and arrested members of the "Markwitz Circle", a group of former socialists in contact with Otto Strasser, who sought Hitler's downfall. It was a loving Gestapo - because Berry is a loving cat - but it was still the Gestapo.' The Motown studio worked around the clock, producing literally hundreds of recordings. Definition of GESTAPO in the Definitions.net dictionary. The SS was controlled . gestapo tactics in Community Dictionary When a protester or activist from a perceived as left-leaning organization asks a reporter to show down their camera. Author Judith Kerr is famous for her children's books, but behind the sweetness of works such as The Tiger Who Came To Tea lies a past set against the horror of Nazi Germany. Adolf Hitler designed the Nazi flag in 1920. The Most Surprisingly Serendipitous Words Of The Day. Certainly, the Gestapo has not been able silence him. The "Schutzstaffel" (German for "protective echelon") was founded in 1925 and served as Nazi Party leader Adolf Hitler's (1889-1945) personal bodyguards. Because he is a noteworthy progressive philanthropist, Soros has become a bete . Which of the following animals has a dog in its etymology. Examines the Gestapo as an instrument of terror in Nazi Germany, arguing that the relatively small organization relied on the complicity of ordinary Germans to support their program of selective terror that targeted Jews and other specific ... The Gestapo are an interesting case-study for 'everyday history'. Student opposition leaders were executed in late February, and a major opposition organisation, the Oster Circle, was destroyed in April 1943. [15] Röhm's position was menacing as more than 4.5 million men fell under his command once the militias and veterans organisations were absorbed by the SA,[16] a fact which fuelled Röhm's aspirations; his dream of fusing the SA and Reichswehr together was undermining Hitler's relationships with the leadership of Germany's armed forces. While three groups were acquitted of collective war crimes charges, this did not relieve individual members of those groups from conviction and punishment under the denazification programme. 10 Terrifying Facts about the East German Secret Police. "I have a bad feeling," said my mother. [119], The popular picture of the Gestapo with its spies everywhere terrorising German society has been rejected by many historians as a myth invented after the war as a cover for German society's widespread complicity in allowing the Gestapo to work. Department C (Administration and Party Affairs), central administrative office of the Gestapo, responsible for card files of all personnel including all officials. Looking for online definition of GESTAPO or what GESTAPO stands for? [101] The vast majority of Gestapo officers came from the police forces of the Weimar Republic; members of the SS, the SA, and the NSDAP also joined the Gestapo but were less numerous. [22][23], The SiPo was placed under the direct command of Reinhard Heydrich who was already chief of the Nazi Party's intelligence service, the Sicherheitsdienst (SD). Analysis: In Chapter Ten, Corrie describes two German prison settings, including Gestapo headquarters in The Hague and a seaside penitentiary called Scheveningen. Found inside – Page 140mean With Him : what does that mean , dear brethren , and how does it come about ? It does not mean an overflowing emotion , it does not mean sympathy and ... [65] However, resistance groups and those who were in moral or political opposition to the Nazis were stalled by the fear of reprisals from the Gestapo. [3] This gave Göring command of the largest police force in Germany. "Once there was a . This disc identified the operative as a member of the Gestapo without revealing personal information, except when ordered to do so by an authorised official. With their trade union flags waving, Hitler gave a rousing speech to the 1.5 million people assembled on Berlin's Tempelhofer Feld that was nationally broadcast, during which he extolled the nation's revival and working class solidarity. The Geheime Staatspolizei (transl. Learn a new word every day. This does not include the institutional defendants tried by the Tribunal such as the Schutzstaffeln, known as the SS, and the Geheime Staatspolizei, known as the Gestapo. Files, card, indexes, information and administration (C1), Department D (Occupied Territories), administration for regions outside the, Protectorate affairs, Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia, regions of Yugoslavia, Greece (D1). We will review your submission shortly! [36], The Polish government in exile in London during World War II received sensitive military information about Nazi Germany from agents and informants throughout Europe. Found inside – Page iiMiscellaneous comments I did not try to “read” illegible sections, even if I felt ... I tried to limit use of the word “operation” to that meaning only. From then on . His direct subordinate Adolf Eichmann headed the Gestapo's Office of Resettlement and then its Office of Jewish Affairs (Referat IV B4 or Sub-Department IV, Section B4). A similar co-ordination existed in the local offices. [89], As a result of its 1936 merger with the Kripo (National criminal police) to form sub-units of the Sicherheitspolizei (SiPo; Security Police), the Gestapo was officially classified as a government agency. The Thin Blue Line is a symbol used by law enforcement in the United States and Canada to commemorate fallen officers and symbolize the police's relationship in the community as the protectors of the citizenry from the criminal element. The director of the Gestapo answered only to Heinrich Himmler, and Himmler, only to the Fuhrer himself. 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